Basic geographical and historical facts
The Jews from Judea were the most
zealous conservatives of religious traditions.
They didn't consider the Samaritans as Jews (ie, brothers in religion)
[note]; they tolerate the Galileans, though
looked down at them as rustic people.
In Jerusalem was the Temple, the main place of the Jewish religion.
Also in Judea were Bethlehem (where Yeshua was born)
and Bethany (where he settled at Lazarus' house).
Galilee, at the west side of the Sea of Galilee (also known as
Genesareth or Tiberius)
was a cosmopolitan region, with much commercial activity.
In these places, in Nazareth, Yeshua passed his youth, and the beautiful
surroundings of the lake were very frequently the scenario of his teachings.
Capernaum, a fishing city that was a that time a center of political and commercial
business and later disappeared, was chosen by Yeshua as a point of reference
in his several missionary tours through Galilee.
Political situation
The life of the Jewish people was difficult not only because of the political
problem, but also because of the cultural problem:
Greece exerted a strong influence in the intellectual circles and
the traditions and racial purity was threatened by the intercourse
of different nations.
The people spoke the Aramean language; many spoke also the vulgar Greek (koine) and some also the
Latin language.
The Hebrew idiom only was known by the priests.
Judea and Galilee
In the first century, Palestine was composed of
Judea, Samaria, Galilee and Perea
(sometimes Idumea is also included).
The ministry of Yeshua takes place mainly in Galilee
(centered at Capernaum) and in Judea (centered at Jerusalem).
Palestine was ruled by the romans, but the political regime was variable.
Sometimes there was a "king", professedly jew but in fact under Rome's control;
in other cases, a roman procurator ruled.
In any event, the governors were cruel and wicked, and the jews hate them;
equally hated were the .
publicans, tax collectors.
The jews hoped anxiously for being freed from the roman's yoke, and the revolts
were frequent.
When Yeshua was born, Herod the Great, Idumean, was the "king" of Palestine.
When he died, his son Herod Antipas ruled Galilee and Perea;
his brothers Philip and Arquelaus took Iturea and Judea-Samaria respectively.
But Arquelao was soon removed by Rome, and a Roman procurator was assigned
in the times of Yeshua' public life, it was Pontius Pilate.
Note:
After the golden age (kings David and Salomon, 1000 BC), the Land divided into two kingdoms: Judah in the south (capital: Jerusalem) and Israel in the north (capital: Samaria). Each kingdom suffered the exile on distinct occasions, but the people from Judah managed to settle down again without mixing with other nations; on the other side, the north nation (that became known as Samaria) joined with other people when they returned from the exile. This caused the scandal of the Jews, who stopped considering the Samaritans as truly Jews; in reprisal, the Samaritans didn't go anymore to the temple of Jerusalem, and built their own temple. At the times of Yeshua, "Israelite" and "Jew" are already synonyms, and the rupture between the two nations is total. To be noted is the fact that Yeshua, notwithstanding his attitude with the samaritan woman and his parable of the good Samaritan, instruct his disciples to not preach to the Samaritans, but only to "the Lost sheep from Israel"
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